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[ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”] 138: ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”

16.9.20

[ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”] 138: ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”

ืงืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืขืกืง ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ื™ื -ืœืžืฉืœ, ืคืกืœ ืขืœ ืื™ ื ื™ื“ื— ืื• ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื•ื ืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ื™? ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื—ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™: ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืคืจืง ื–ื”.

ื”ืคืจืง ืœื ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ืื–ื ื” โ€“ ืืš ื™ืขืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘!


[ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”] 138: ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”
00:00 / 01:04
ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืคืจืง
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ื”ืจืฉืžื” ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื“ื•ื"ืœ | ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” (ืื ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“) | iTunes

ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”

ื›ืชื‘: ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™


ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื™ื• ืืจืฆื•ืชึพื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื•ืช. ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ืจื˜ื• ืขืœ ื“ื’ืœืŸ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืืฃ ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1865 ื”ื’ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจื ื” ืœื‘ื•ืœืื™ื™ื” (Laboulaye) ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื’ืจืชื™: ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคืกืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกื—ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืจื‘, ื•ืคึผึธืกืœ ืฉื™ืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ ื”ืขื ืง.


ืคืกืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ืœื‘ื•ืœืื™ื™ื” ืจืฆื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื•ืœื ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช โ€“ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช: ื”ืขื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื™ืžืžืŸ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืกืœ, ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืœืžื• ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืคืกืœ ืœื›ืฉื™ื•ืฉืœื.


ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื. ืœื‘ื•ืœืื™ื™ื” ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื•ื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืžืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฆืจืคืช ื›ื•ืœื”. ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื’ืจืœื•ืช, ืžื›ืจื• ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืžื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ, ื•ื‘- 1880 ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื ืง. ืœื‘ื•ืœืื™ื™ื” ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกืœ ืขืœ ืื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉื›ื•ื—-ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ื•ืจืง.


ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื›ืžืฆื•ืคื”. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื ื™ื•ึพื™ื•ืจืงืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืคืกืœ ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ืœื ื’ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื. ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื™ื“ื ืืœ ื›ื™ืกื™ื”ื. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืชื”ื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืคืกืœื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžื“ืฉื“ืฉืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืกืœ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื‘ื ื” โ€“ ื™ื“ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืคื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืขืจ โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ืืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืืช ืืจื ืงื™ื”ื.


ืœื‘ื•ืœืื™ื™ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื•ืœื• ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉืœืคืชืข ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื”. ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืคื•ืœื™ืฆืจ, ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ New York World, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืžืืžืฅ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื›ืš ื“ืจืš ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขืจื” ื‘ื• ืจื•ื— ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ืจื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ื›ืŸ.


"ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ! [โ€ฆ] ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื• 250,000 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ: ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช, ื”ืืžื ื™ืโ€ฆ ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื ื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื›ื™ ืื ืžืชื ื” ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ ืฆืจืคืช ืœื›ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช."


ืคื•ืœื™ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชืจื•ื โ€“ ื•ืœื• ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื–ืขื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืžืขืœ ื“ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•. ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ โ€“ 'ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื™ืœื“ื™ ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื—ื• ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงืจืงืก' ืื• 'ื“ื•ืœืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื•ืขืจื™ืจื™ืช.' ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกื—ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืช ืงื•ืจืื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื”ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื, ื”ืคืกืœ ื”ื•ืขืžืก ืขืœ ืื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1886 ื ื—ื ืš ืคืกืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื”ืคืš ืžืื– ืœืกืžืœื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกืขื ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.


ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืกืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืœื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื–ื ืื• ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ โ€“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื”. ืืคื™ืงื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื โ€“ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื ืง ืื• ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ โ€“ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื: ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืคืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื• ื”ืงืžืช ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืžืช ืคืกืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื ืžืœ โ€“ ืื™ื ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื—ื“, ื•ืื™ื ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช. ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.


ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื•ืขืจ ืžื•ืœื™ื“ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื: ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืฃ. ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืคื™ืงื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช.

ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”

ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” โ€“ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืชื™ืง ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืžืื“: ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืœื‘.


ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืœื‘, ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืืžืชื™ื•ืช. ืคืื‘ืœื• ืืกืงื•ื‘ืจ (Escobar), ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ืงืžืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ, ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคื•ืจ, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“'. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืืกืงื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”: ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื— ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืื• ืื™ื™ื ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ืโ€ฆ ืืกืงื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืฆื•ืงื”, ื•ืœื ืฉื›ื— ืžืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืคืฉืข ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื“ื ืขืฉื™ืจ. ืืš ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื“ื 'ื˜ื•ื‘', ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”. ื’ื ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ื“' ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ ื•ืื ื“ืจื• ืงืจื ื’ื™, ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืกืกื• ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืขืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืขืœื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืš.


ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื” ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“. ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ืŸ.


ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ

ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1882 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ืžืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื 'ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.' ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืžืœื˜ื• ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืงื™ื•ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื›ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืจื—ืžื™ื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”, ื’ื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ืฆื™ื’ โ€“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ื™ืก ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.


ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืืฆืœ ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ื“ื” ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ ืฆื“ืงื” โ€“ ื•ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืคืจื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืžื” ืฉื‘ื”. ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืฉื‘ ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื‘ื›ื™ืกื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืืœืฃ ืคืจื ืง ืฉืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืชืจื ื‘ืขื™ืœื•ื ืฉื โ€“ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ื‘ื"ื™: 'ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข.'


ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืชืžืš ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ื’ื ืจืืฉ ืคื™ื ื” ื•ื–ืžืจื™ืŸ (ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•) ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืงืจื™ืกื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื ื™ืฆืœื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”, ื™ืจืื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื, ื•ื™ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.


"ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืš ืœื ืœืžืขื ื ืืœื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืื ื™ ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื."


ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, 'ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื', ืจื•ืžื– ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื™ืชืงืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืจืฅ, ืืœื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื’ื™ื™ืก ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืฉื™ืฉื’ื™ื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื ื”ืœื• ืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื โ€“ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” 'ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช'.


ื›ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื™ืกื“ื• ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื” ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“. ื”ืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” โ€“ ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขื”: ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืงื‘ืข ืžื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื” ืœื, ืืœื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื™ื–ืจืขื• ื•ืืœื• ืœื, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื’ื ืžื™ ื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื™ ืœื.


ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื• โ€“ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื. ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื•:


"ืื‘ืงืฉืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื›ื™ ืืœ ืœื”ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืกื“."


ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืžืฆื™ื“ื, ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื—ืœืงื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื™ื–ืžื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ื ืœืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืžืคื— ื ืคืฉ โ€“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื.


ื‘-1883, ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”, ืคืจืฅ ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืขืจื›ื• ืืกืคื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”. ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชืงื™ืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืข ืœืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื:


"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืืžืฅ ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื›ื ืขื•, ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™; ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ื, ืœื ื™ื”ื ื” ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ืชื™."


ืœืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืชืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืœืงื™ื ื“, ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื•ื’ืจ. ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.


ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ื›ืจืžื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื‘ื ืขื•ืคื•ืช, ืขื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืจ ืžื–ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืฉืคื’ืขื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจืžื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ืจื›ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช, ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ืžืฆื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”.


ืืš ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื”. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืชืœื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืงืฆื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืื• ื”ืชื ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื” ืื“ืžืชื. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ืงืœื•ืงืœ. ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช:


"ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืžืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื”โ€ฆ ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื. [โ€ฆ] ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฆ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจื›ืฉื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”."


ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•. ื”ื ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชึพื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืžื• ืงื‘ืฆื ื™ื. ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื‘ืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื• ืžื™ื ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื, ื•ืจืชื™ื—ื” ื–ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1886, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ: ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™.


ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืฆืจืคืช ื›ื™ ืื ืžืจื•ืกื™ื”: ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฆื ืขืžื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื™ืจื— ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ืœืจืขื” ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืฆืื• ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืืช ืืœื• ืฉืœื, ื•ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.


ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื 'ืจื•ื“ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ื', ืฉืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืขืฆืžืื•ืชื โ€“ ืื ืœื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืื–ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื™ื— ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ืœืื’ื•ื“ืช 'ืจื•ื“ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ื', ืืš ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ื•ื ืกืžื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉ ืžืื’ื•ื“ืช 'ืจื•ื“ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ื', ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืžืชื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉื 'ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืจืขื™ื.'


ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชื•ื—ื” ื•ื ืคื™ืฆื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ. ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ืจื•ืกื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืœืžื”ืคื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื—ืกืจ ืคืฉืจื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1887 ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช 'ืจื•ื“ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ื'. ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™, ื•ื”ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืกืœืง ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ื•ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื—ื“ืจ ืœื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉืœื— ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื•, ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืจื—ื•ื‘.


ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืฆื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ืื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื‘ืขื• ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื•. ืื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ืœื ื•ื™ืชืจ: ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื™ื— ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ ื‘ื™ืคื• ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืกื™ื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื“. ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื, ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื, ื›ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื”.


ืื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ืขืฉื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืจื” ื›ืฉืคื ื” ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™. ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืคืจื”, ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžื”. ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ โ€“ ืืš ืื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื›ืจืข, ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืืช ื˜ืขื•ืชื. ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ื” ืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื’ืจืฉ ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืจื“. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืื“ื™ืจ ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืื ื™ืžืจื” ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืืช ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื›ื ืข ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื•ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.


ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช. ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืืกืจ ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ืœืื’ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืื•ืฉืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืงื™ื“, ืœื ื˜ื•ืข ืขืฆื™ื ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืืจื— ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื โ€“ ืืœื ืื ื”ืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืขื ืฉ ื‘ืงื ืกื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”. ื’ื ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืื ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.


ื‘ืฉื ืช 1899 ื”ื—ืœ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืœืจืžื•ื– ื›ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืกื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”, ืืš ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900 ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ืง"ื โ€“ 'ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช'. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื™ืง"ื โ€“ ืืš ื›ืขืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื›ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื—ื“, ื•ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืื™ื“ืš. ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช 'ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•' ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.


ืขืœ ืืฃ ืžื’ืจืขื•ืชื™ื”, ื”ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืกืคื’ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื’ื–ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื• ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžื”, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืฉื ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“. ืืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.


ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ื•ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ

ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื›ื–ื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื›ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™ โ€“ ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ืœืœ. ื”ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืงื—ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืžื”ื‘ื ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื โ€“ ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื ื™ืคื™ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ืกื ื™ืฃ ื‘ื ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘, ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขื ื™ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช. ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื’ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืจื• ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื ื™ืกื” ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ. ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืงื˜ื” ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืžืžืฉ: ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”'ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ'.


ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1940 ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ โ€“ ืื– ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืขื™ืจ ืฆ'ื™ื˜ืื’ื•ื ื’ (Chittagong), ืฉื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืœื’ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.


ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971 ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฆ'ื™ื˜ืื’ื•ื ื’. ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืขืกืงื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื’ื“ืœืฉ, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.


ืืš ืœื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘-1974 ื”ื™ื›ื• ืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ, ื”ืจืกื• ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ื›ืคืจื™ื. ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชื• ื‘ืจืขื‘ ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื. ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.


"ื‘-1974 ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืœืžื“ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ื›ืฉื‘ืจืงืข ืžื›ื” ืจืขื‘ ืงืฉื” ืืช ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ. ืœืคืชืข ื—ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืจืขื‘. ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ืœืœื ืกื‘ืœ."


ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ื™ืฆื ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฆ'ื™ื˜ืื’ื•ื ื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ. ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืคื’ืฉ ืœื ื ืขืžื” ืœื• ื›ืœืœ.


ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืง, ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ืœืžื“ื• ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ืœืงื—ื” ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ 27 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืคื•ืจ, ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, 27 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื”ื ืกื›ื•ื ืคืขื•ื˜, ืืš ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื“, ืื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืขืกืง ื–ืขื™ืจ ื•ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื“ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืชื ืื™ื ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืื• ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ื”ืœื•ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœื™ื•.


ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื™ ืื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืกื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืงืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื ืง โ€“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืคื•ืจ. ืื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ 27 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืฉืืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื™ืœื•ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžื‘ื ืง ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื‘, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื?


ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ืืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœ ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ืœืืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ โ€“ ืืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™. ื”ื‘ื ืง ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช โ€“ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืง โ€“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื.


ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืฉืจื™ืจ. ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืื” ืฉืงืœื™ื. ืื ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื 95 ืฉ"ื—, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ืจืง ืชืคืกื™ื“ื• ืžืžื ื” ื›ืกืฃ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ, ื’ื ืœื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•. ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช, ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ืง ื›ืกืฃ, ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•. ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื‘ื ืง ืœื ืžืฉืชืœื ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, 'ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช' ืื• 'ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ' โ€“ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื™ื ื’ืกื• ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื”.


ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืžืื•ื“. ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•, ื–ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื”. ืื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœืงื—ื•, ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ื›ืš. ืื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื• ืœืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ื ืง ืื™ืŸ ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื.


ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ืœื ื•ื™ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ื ืœื—ื ื•ื”ืชืขืงืฉ, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจ. ื”ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื, ื™ื•ื ื•ืก, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืจื‘ ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™. "ืชื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœืš," ืืžืจ ืœื• ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง, "ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืชืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ." ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• โ€“ "ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ."


ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ, ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืฉื™ืขืจ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง: ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“. ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืงืื™, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืชื•ื•ื” ื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช. ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจืง ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ื•ืœื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื’ืจืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆื“ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื•ืฉืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืชืขืจืขืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื’ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ืืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืื™ืกืœื.


ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ื”ื“ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ืื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ืฆืœ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื” ื’ืกื”, ื ื˜ื• ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืกืชืžื™ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื›ื•ืœื”. ื ืฉื™ื, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก, ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”.


ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื™ื โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœืงื— ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืœื•ืืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืขืžื“ ืขืœ 99 ืื—ื•ื–, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช. ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื.


ื‘ืฉื ืช 1976 ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื™ืชื•, ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืœืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1983, ื›ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื•ืœื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื ืง ื—ื“ืฉ, 'ื’ืจืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืง' (Grameen, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ โ€“ 'ื‘ื ืง ื”ื›ืคืจ') ืฉื™ืฉืจืช ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.


ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื ืง ื’ืจืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื•ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืœืง ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจ ื›-99%, ื•ื”ื‘ื ืง ืžื ื™ื‘ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื ืง ื’ืจืžื™ืŸ, 58 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ื•ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™. ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื• ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ื’ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ืช, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื.


ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ื•ื‘ื ืง ื’ืจืžื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006, ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ื“ื™ืจื‘ื ื” ื™ื–ืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ ื ื”ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืกืคืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืžืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช: ื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจืกื ื™: ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ, ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.


ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช

ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื: ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื, ื•ืœื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืฉื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื. ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•, ืขื“ ืฉื™ื–ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœื• โ€“


"ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืงื•ื™ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ื ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฆืžื•ื—. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช. ื›ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื™ื™ืขืœื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช."


ื”ื ื“ื‘ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ. ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื โ€“ ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืื• ืฉื•ืงื™ ื”ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืจืžืช ืกืฃ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉ'ื™ื–ืจื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ', ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืกืฃ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื–ื ื•ื— ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื”.


ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื”, ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉื›ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื ืง ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืœืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชืœืžืช ืœื‘ื ืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขืกืงื™ืช. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆืื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ: ื”ื ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” โ€“ ื ืืžืจ, ื›ืžื” ื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืคืจ โ€“ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื ืฉืžืจืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•, ื›ืš ืฉืœืœื•ื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”.


ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื– ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ื—. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆืฆื• ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ โ€“ kiva.org, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื โ€“ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘-kiva ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœืœื•ื•ื”: ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ืจื•ื•ื— ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™: ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœื• ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืกื•ืกื™ืง, ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืžื”ื›ืคืจ Tatev ืฉื‘ืืจืžื ื™ื”, ืœืงื ื•ืช ืคืจื” ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ื– ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืืชืจื™ื ื›ืžื• kiva ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช.

ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืจื•ื— ื’ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื ืœืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ: 'ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื', Crowd Funding โ€“ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื›ืกืคื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืŸ ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.


ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื’ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืง ืœืžื“ื™. ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ืื• ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ืงื”ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื: ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื•. ืคืจื˜ ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื• 'ืœื’ืฉืฉ' ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืžืžืฉื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•.


ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœืืžื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื”ืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœืฆืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช 'ืžืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ' ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื›ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืžื™ืžื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื•ืžื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื–ืžืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื‘-2011 ื’ื™ื™ืก ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”ืคืงืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื• 'ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช'.


ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื โ€“ ื•ืžืฉื ืœืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’. ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืืกืคื” ืžื”ืงื”ืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืง, ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“, ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช: ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื’ื™ื™ืก ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.


ืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืื• ืกืฃ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” โ€“ 'ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.' ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘-2013 ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคืงื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื—ืœืœ ื“ื’ื ืžื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆืœืžื”. ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื—ืœืœ ืชื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-3000 ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ 'Dr. Who' ืชืจืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื™ื’ืจื“ื• ืืช ืจืืฉื ื›ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจืื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืชื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืชื—ื ื”. ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืชืจืžื• ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ื’ื ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ื™, ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ. ื›ืฉืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืจื™ืฆ'ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ื‘ืงื•ืœื• ื”ืžืœื˜ืฃ โ€“ Helloโ€ฆis it me yourโ€™e looking for?


ืงื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืฆื™ืข ื’ืจืกื” ืžืฉืœื• ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื. ื™ื•ื–ื ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื™ื ื“ืฃ ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื‘ืžืœืœ, ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื›ืกืฃ. ื”ืงื”ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื”: ืœืžืฉืœ, 25 ืฉืงืœื™ื, 50 ืฉืงืœื™ื, 200 ืฉืงืœื™ื ืื• ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืžืฉ: ื”ืชื•ืจื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืกืคื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ืืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืขื–ืจ ืœืžืžืŸ. ื›ืœ ืชื•ืจื ื–ื›ืื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืœืชืฉื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจ. ืื, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืชืจืžืช ืชืฉืข ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ืœืžื™ื–ื ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ื™, ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžืกื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื ืขืจืฅ. ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ื™ื–ื›ื• ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ื˜ื™ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช โ€“ ื•ืชืžื•ืจืช ืืœืฃ ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ื™. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื•. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ื™ ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื 'ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืจื”' ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”โ€ฆ


ื”ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืืชืจื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืœืงื”ืœ ื›ืื—ื“. ื™ื•ื–ื ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื ื” ืžืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืชืจื™ื (ื›ืžื• Kickstarter ืœืžืฉืœ) ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ: ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื›ืฉืœ, ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช. ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืจืฃ ื›ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื™ื–ื ืื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื–ื ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ืื™ื ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•.


ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ืœื‘ื“ื” ื ืืกืคื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื’ื ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืžืžืžื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื•: ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื•ื—ื ื”ื•ืคืกืง ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.


ืžืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ื, ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืจื— ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืงื”ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืžืฉ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืชื•ืžืš โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ืฉืคืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื™ื“ ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื–ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื’ื ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื™ืžืžืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืœืฉื•ืง ืœืคื ื™ืš.

ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ื–ื ืจื•ื— ื’ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“, ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ืžืื•ื“. ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื–ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื’ืœืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืžืŸ (Fleishman), ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื›ื ืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘. ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ? "ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื: ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœืžื”." ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืจืง 4000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžืชื•ืš 35 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’, ื•ื”ืคืš ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœืฆื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉื—ื’ื’ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ. ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื” *ืœื* ืขื•ื‘ื“.


ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ืจื™ื โ€“ ืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ. ืžื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ื•, ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขืžืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช? ืžื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื”? ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2013 ื—ืชื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื JOBS Act ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ื–ื”: ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืืชืจื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช Kickstarter, ื•ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืง: ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื“ื™, ื•ืชื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ืืชืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืงืจื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืงืจ ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื–ืจื•ื ืœื›ื™ืกื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื.


ืจืื™ื ื•, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื•ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ืืคื™ืงื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื•ื ืคื•ืฆื” โ€“ ืืš ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืขืžืŸ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืกืขื™ืจื•ืช: ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื—ืœื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืคื˜ื ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื™ืœื” ืžืคื ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื•ื ืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื• ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื. ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืคื” ืžื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ 'ื™ืฉ ื›ืกืฃ' ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืž'ืื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ', ื•ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื โ€“ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืชโ€ฆ


ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืจืง:

https://soundcloud.com/cypherchallenge/nas-ny-state-of-mind
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6TsYR9Mmbc
https://soundcloud.com/cis-minor/she-said-dark-clouds-passing
https://soundcloud.com/marcalexandre/seul-au-monde-sad-melancholy
https://soundcloud.com/szyba/szyb-final-step
https://soundcloud.com/prsnt/tense

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974
http://www.israelcrowdfunding.org/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%94/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_funded_crowdfunding_projects
http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/daveglass/lionel-richies-head-bestival-2013
http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/573935592/were-putting-a-tardis-into-orbit-really
http://kickfailure.com/2013/05/15/2173/
http://kickfailure.com/2013/03/20/strap-crap/
http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/229423
http://thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2012/09/30/irony-finest-kickstarter-project-explaining-fund-kickstarter-projects-fails/#!sWub4
http://www.businesslaw.co.uk/Blog/business-as-usual/10-facts-about-crowdfunding.html
http://www.statista.com/topics/1283/crowdfunding/
http://mashable.com/2011/09/15/crowdfunding-history/
http://books.google.co.il/books?id=Sh6CxOxNEGwC&lpg=PA69&ots=D7ADLkuKos&dq=public%20fundraising%20history&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/05/29/financial-inclusion-plays-vital-role-in-reduction-of-poverty-inequality-and-stimulation-of-job-creation
http://www.cgap.org/topics/credit
http://www.muhammadyunus.org/index.php/professor-yunus/nobel-peace-prize/the-nobel-prize-lecture
http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/11/05/talkasia.yunus/index.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2Fcnn_latest+(RSS%3A+Most+Recent)
http://www.globalenvision.org/library/4/1051
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/27/business/smallbusiness/why-the-sec-is-likely-to-miss-its-deadline-to-write-crowdfunding-rules.html?pagewanted=all
http://books.google.co.il/books?id=9sFEdVbQ1MUC&lpg=PA124&dq=Prenumeration&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q=Prenumeration&f=false
http://www.fundable.com/crowdfunding101/history-of-crowdfunding
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/11/27/are-charities-more-effective-than-government/voters-not-tycoons-should-set-priorities
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/11/27/are-charities-more-effective-than-government/more-independence-greater-results
http://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=4471
http://www.libertystatepark.org/statueofliberty/sol3.shtml
http://history1800s.about.com/od/immigration/f/statuelibertypaid.htm
http://avot.cet.ac.il/research.aspx?pid=6#S3,19275,22634,22635,22636,22638
http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Article_9.1.pdf

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